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- Network Working Group V. Cerf
- Request for Comments: 829 DARPA
- November 1982
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- PACKET SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY REFERENCE SOURCES
-
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- Vinton G. Cerf
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
-
- ABSTRACT
-
- This paper describes briefly the packet satellite technology developed
- by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and several other
- participating organizations in the U.K. and Norway and provides a
- biblography of relevant papers for researchers interested in
- experimental and operational experience with this dynamic
- satellite-sharing technique.
-
- INTRODUCTION
-
- Packet Satellite technology was an outgrowth of early work in packet
- switching on multiaccess radio channels carried out at the University of
- Hawaii with the support of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
- (DARPA). The primary difference between the earlier packet-switched
- ARPANET [1, 2] and the ALOHA system developed at the University of
- Hawaii [3] was the concept of multiple transmitters dynamically sharing
- a common and directly-accessible radio channel. In the ARPANET, sources
- of traffic inserted packets of data into the network through packet
- switches called Interface Message Processors (IMPs). The IMPs used high
- speed point-to-point full-duplex telephone circuits [4] on a
- store-and-forward basis. All packet traffic for a given telephone
- circuit was queued, if necessary, in the IMP and transmitted as soon as
- the packet reached the head of the queue. On such full duplex circuits
- there is exactly one transmitter and one receiver in each direction.
-
- The ALOHA system, on the other hand, assigned a common transmit channel
- frequency to ALL radio terminals. A computer at the University of
- Hawaii received packet bursts from the remote terminals which shared the
- "multi-access" channel. Under the control of a small processor, each
- terminal would transmit whenever it had traffic, and would await an
- acknowledgement, on another frequency, dedicated to the service host. If
- no acknowledgement was received, the terminal processor would transmit
- again at a randomly chosen time. The system operated on the assumption
- that no store-and-forward or radio relay was needed. The University of
- Hawaii researchers later demonstrated that the ALOHA concept worked on a
- satellite channel linking Hawaii and Nasa-Ames via NASA's ATS-1
- satellite [5, 6]. A variety of more elaborate satellite channel
- assignment strategies were developed and analyzed in the early 1970's
- [7-13, 31].
-
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- Cerf [Page 1]
-
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- RFC 829 November 1982
- Remote User Telnet Service
-
-
- THE ATLANTIC PACKET SATELLITE EXPERIMENT (SATNET)
-
- In 1973, DARPA began the development of a packet satellite system which
- would support the sharing of a common, high speed channel among many
- ground stations. Using an INTELSAT-IV satellite, the Atlantic Packet
- Satellite experiment was carried out with the cooperation and support of
- the British Post Office, COMSAT Corporation, Linkabit Corporation, and
- Bolt Beranek and Newman Corporation, later joined by the Norwegian
- Telecommunication Administration and the Norwegian Defense Research
- Establishment (NDRE). Along with University College London and COMSAT
- Laboratories, NDRE became one of the major users of the SATNET system.
-
- During 1975-1978, SATNET underwent a broad range of performance
- evaluations and tests. Since 1979, it has served as a stable support
- for international experiments and demonstrations of command and control
- technology of interest to DARPA, NDRE and the U.K. Royal Signals and
- Radar Establishment (RSRE). Late in 1982, a ground station was added to
- connect the German Aeronautics and Space Research Establishment (DFVLR)
- into the system.
-
- The early development of SATNET is outlined in [14]. The system design
- is documented in [15-22]. Experience with the operation of the SATNET
- is reported in [23-24] and experimental results in [25-26]. Potential
- services which might be supported by this technology are discussed in
- [27].
-
- The integration of the packet satellite technology into a larger,
- multiple packet network context is discussed in [28-29]. The system is
- expected to continue in use to support joint research by DARPA, RSRE,
- NDRE, DFVLR and UCL. DARPA and the U.S. Defense Communications Agency
- are experimenting with a 3 megabit/second domestic packet satellite
- system to determine whether packetized voice and data services can be
- integrated economically using this technology. DARPA and the U.S. Naval
- Electronic Systems Command recently demonstrated a Mobile Access
- Terminal Network (MATNET) which uses packet satellite techniques to
- support ship-ship and ship-shore communication over a shared FLTSATCOM
- satellite channel [30].
-
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
-
- The development of Packet Satellite technology has involved many
- institutions and individuals, but special credit for the successful
- realization of the SATNET and its successor systems must be given to Dr.
- Robert E. Kahn, Director, Information Processing Techniques Office,
- DARPA, for his continuous support and technical contributions throughout
- the development and maturation of this technology.
-
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-
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- Cerf [Page 2]
-
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- RFC 829 November 1982
- Remote User Telnet Service
-
-
- REFERENCES
-
- 1. L.G. Roberts and B.D. Wessler, "Computer Network Development to
- Achieve Resource Sharing," Spring Joint Computer Conference, AFIPS
- Proceedings, Vol. 36, 1970, pp. 543-549.
-
- 2. R.E. Kahn, "Resource Sharing Computer Networks," Proceedings of the
- IEEE, Vol. 60, No. 11, November 1972, pp. 1397-1407.
-
- 3. N. Abramson, "The Aloha System - Another Alternative for Computer
- Communications," AFIPS Conference Proceedings, Vol. 36, 1970, pp.
- 295-298.
-
- 4. F.E. Heart, et al, "The Interface Message Processor of the ARPA
- Computer Network, Spring Joint Computer Conference, AFIPS Proceedings,
- 1970, pp. 551-567.
-
- 5. R. Binder, et al, "Aloha Packet Broadcasting--a retrospect," AFIPS
- Conference Proceedings, National Computer Conference, 1975, pp. 203-215.
-
- 6. N. Abramson and F. Kuo, Editors, Computer Communication Networks,
- Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1973.
-
- 7. L. Kleinrock and S. Lam, "Packet Switching in a Slotted Satellite
- Channel," AFIPS Conference Proceedings, NCC, 1973, pp. 703-710.
-
- 8. L. Kleinrock and F. Tobagi, "Random Access Techniques for Data
- Transmission over Packet Switched Radio Channels," AFIPS Conference
- Proceedings, NCC, 1975, pp. 187-201.
-
- 9. L. Kleinrock and S.S. Lam, "Packet Switching in a Multiaccess
- Broadcast Channel: Performance Evaluation," IEEE Transactions on
- Communication, Vol. COM-23, 1975, pp. 410-423.
-
- 10. L.G. Roberts, "Aloha Packet System with and without Slots and
- Capture," ACM SIGCOMM, Computer Communication Review, Vol 5, No. 2,
- April 1975.
-
- 11. S.S. Lam and L. Kleinrock, "Packet Switching in a Multi-access
- Broadcast Channel: Dynamic Control Procedures," IEEE Transactions on
- Communication, Vol Com-23, September, 1975.
-
- 12. L.G. Roberts, "Dynamic Allocation of Satellite Capacity through
- Packet Reservation," AFIPS Conference Proceedings, NCC, 1973, pp.
- 711-716.
-
- 13. N. Abramson, "Packet Switching with Satellites," AFIPS Conference
- Proceedings, NCC, 1973, pp. 695-702.
-
-
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- Cerf [Page 3]
-
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- RFC 829 November 1982
- Remote User Telnet Service
-
-
- 14. R.E. Kahn, "The Introduction of Packet Satellite Communications,"
- National Telecommunications Conference, Nov. 1979, p. 45.1.1-45.1.8.
-
- 15. I.M. Jacobs, et al, "CPODA - A Demand Assignment Protocol for
- SATNET," Fifth Data Communications Symposium, Snowbird, Utah, 1977.
-
- 16. I.M. Jacobs, et.al, "General Purpose Satellite Networks,"
- Proceedings IEEE, Vol 66, No. 11, November 1978, pp. 1448-1467.
-
- 17. I.M. Jacobs, et al, "Packet Satellite Network Design Issues,"
- Proceedings, NTC, November 1979.
-
- 18. L. Palmer, J. Kaiser, S. Rothschild and D. Mills, "SATNET Packet
- Data Transmission," COMSAT Technical Review, Volume 12, No. 1, Spring
- 1982, pp. 181-212.
-
- 19. Weissler, et al, "Synchronization and Multiple Access Protocol in
- the Initial Satellite IMP," COMPCON, September 1978.
-
- 20. Hsu and Lee, "Channel Scheduling Snychronization for the PODA
- Protocol," ICC, June 1978.
-
- 21. E. Killian and R. Binder, "Control Issues in a PODA Voice/Data
- Satellite Network," ICC, June 1980.
-
- 22. C. Heegaard, J. Heller and A. Viterbi, "A Microprocessor-based PSK
- Modem for Packet Transmission over Satellite Channels," IEEE
- Transactions on Communications, COM-26, No. 5, May 1978, pp. 552-564.
-
- 23. P. Cudhea, D. McNeill, D. Mills, "SATNET Operations," AIAA 9th
- Communications Satellite Systems Conference, Collection of Technical
- Papers, 1982, pp. 100-105.
-
- 24. D.A. McNeill, et al, "SATNET Monitoring and Control," Proceedings
- of the NTC, November 1979.
-
- 25. P.T. Kirstein, et al, "SATNET Applications Activities," Proceedings
- of the NTC, November 1979.
-
- 26. W.W. Chu, et al, "Experimental Results on the Packet Satellite
- Network," Proceedings of the NTC, November 1979.
-
- 27. E.V. Hoversten and H. L. Van Trees, "International Broadcast Packet
- Satellite Services," ICCC Conference Proceedings, Kyoto, Japan,
- September 1978.
-
- 28. V.G. Cerf and R.E. Kahn, "A Protocol for Packet Network
- Intercommunication," IEEE Trans. on Comm., Vol. COM-23, May 1974, pp.
- 637-648.
-
-
- Cerf [Page 4]
-
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- RFC 829 November 1982
- Remote User Telnet Service
-
-
- 29. V.G. Cerf and P.T. Kirstein, "Issues in Packet Network
- Interconnection," IEEE Proceedings, Vol. 66, No. 11, Nov 1978, pp.
- 1386-1408.
-
- 30. L. Evenchik, D. McNeill, R.P. Rice, F. Deckelman, et al, "MATNET,
- an Experimental Navy Shipboard Satellite Communications Network, "IEEE
- INFOCOM 82 Proceedings, March, 1982.
-
- 31. M.L. Molle and L. Kleinrock, "Analysis of Concentrated ALOHA
- Satellite Links," Sixth Data Communications Symposium, Nov 27-29, 1979,
- pp. 87-95.
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- Cerf [Page 5]
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